What happens if i inhale toner

To combat this problem, keep your office photocopiers in well-ventilated areas and, if possible, open any nearby windows when the devices are in use. This is particularly important if your photocopiers are used continuously throughout the working day, as the devices are more likely to overheat with frequent use. Office Machine Specialists has been servicing, selling office equipment as well as toner, ink and supplies since A family run business that has dedicated our efforts to providing the best equipment options and after-sales service to our clients.

Our goal is to ask the right questions and guide our customers to make smart decisions about new machine leases and purchases. We were servicing copiers long before the internet was a viable resource, and have transitioned to the digital workflow environment of color printing, scanning, account control and fleet management. With over 20 years in the industry we have extensive experience with many brands and consider OMS to be a valuable resource to any organization. Contact us for all of your copier needs here!

Carbon black inhalation may cause headaches, eye irritation, chronic itchiness and small growths on the tongue. By extension, direct contact with the skin is likely to cause severe itchiness and irritation. Photocopiers that use toner ink may emit carbon monoxide when they overheat in poorly ventilated areas, according to the London Hazards Center.

Exposure to carbon monoxide may cause a dramatically increased pulse rate, severe headaches and drowsiness. To combat this problem, keep your office's photocopiers in well-ventilated areas and, if possible, open any nearby windows when the devices are in use.

This is particularly important if your photocopiers are constantly used throughout the workday, as the devices are more likely to overheat with frequent use. In the high exposure group, positive MPO stain was observed in inflammatory cells around the area of the toner particle-laden alveolar macrophages Figure 7 d arrow.

A slight positive MPO stain was observed in the middle exposure group, and a negative MPO stain was observed in the control and low exposure groups. Considering this estimated amount, the threshold of overload was suspected to be a dose between the middle and high concentrations.

Bellmann et al. Additionally, Morrow et al. In the present study, the pathological findings in the high exposure group showed significant aggregated toner phagocytized macrophages compared with the low and middle exposure groups. These changes indicated that the amount of toner in the high exposure group reached overload. The present toner with external additives was the same as a past toner. We estimated the toner with external additives exposed to workers handling a toner. The deposited mass of toner was speculated using the following formula.

We calculated the deposition fraction of rat and human for the test toner would be 0. We think the deposited mass exposed to rats at In this study, a slight infiltration of macrophages was induced in the low and middle level groups, but there was no persistent pulmonary inflammation.

Compared with the pulmonary inflammation in previous reports, we predicted that there would be no marked difference in the pulmonary inflammation even if there were differences like a mixture with an external additive or in the composition of the toner due to technical improvements. We previously conducted a week inhalation exposure study using a toner with external additives as same toner in this experiment, titanium dioxide TiO 2 particles as a negative control MMAD GSD 1.

Considering that same mass concentration of these materials, the present toner with the external additive may have lower toxicity than quartz DQ12 as a positive control and may be similar toxicity with TiO2 as a negative control. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of persistent inflammation by the toner by measuring the concentrations of CINC 1, 2, and 3, representative neutrophil chemotactic factors, and myeloperoxidase in the BALF and in the lung tissue.

Several studies have previously reported a relationship between the CINC family and pulmonary inflammation. Inhalation of materials with a high potential for inflammation, like nickel oxide nanoparticles [ 22 , 23 ] and diesel particles [ 24 ], showed persistent increases in CINC-1 or CINC-2 expression in the lung in intratracheal instillation studies.

In the present study, persistent pulmonary inflammation also induced the upregulation of the CINC family, so we think that interpulmonary infiltration of inflammatory cells including neutrophils is related to the CINC family. The concentration of MPO in high exposure group showed a tendency to increase, and the number of neutrophils in the BALF showed the same tendency.

Knaapen et al. In the present study, not only an increase in neutrophils but also the upregulation of CINC expression was observed, suggesting that the increase in MPO concentration was related to the activation of neutrophils infiltrated into the lung.

Stringer et al. To note, in some subjects in the high exposure group, the upregulation of the CINC family showed trends but not statistical significance. These results may have been affected by individual differences. In this long-term inhalation study, the toner with external additives did not cause significant lung tumor. There are some long-term inhalation studies similar to the present one [ 1 — 4 , 28 ], and none of them showed tumorigenesis in the same kind of long-term inhalation exposure as we performed in this study.

Slesinski and Turnbull [ 28 ] performed a week inhalation exposure of rats using a non-carbon-based magnetite photocopying toner MMAD 5. From the previous report, it is indicated that there would be no marked difference of tumorigenesis even if there were differences in the main component of the toner. On the other hand, Mohr et al. One cause of these differences of tumor morbidity may be the difference of deposition amount in the lung. Although the toner with external additives induced no tumor significantly, we examined 8-OHdG, which is a typical oxidative DNA damage marker, and HO-1, which is an oxidative stress marker, as tumor related factors.

Persistent increases in expression of 8-OHdG and HO-1 were observed in the high exposure group up to It is known that HO-1 is induced by reactive oxygen species ROS to protect the cells from ROS production, and there are reports that HO-1 expression is increased by asbestos or silica, which possess tumorigenicity [ 30 — 32 ]. In the present study, the high exposure groups indicated a persistent oxidative stress condition.

Yamaguchi et al. In the high exposure group in the present study, a persistent increase in 8-OHdG indicated DNA damage by oxidative stress with persistent inflammation, in other words, the foundation of tumorigenesis. However, since these results were caused only in the high exposure group with an excessive amount of deposited toner in rat lung, it is thought that they were influenced by overload.

In conclusion, our long-term inhalation exposure study using toner with external additives for Only a high concentration of toner induced an upregulation of HO-1 gene expression and 8-OHdG oxidative stress marker, and none of the exposure groups showed tumor in significance.

Because persistent inflammation and oxidative stress were observed only in the high exposure group, we speculate that these changes were influenced more by the overload itself than by the toner with external additives. These data suggest that toner with external additives may not have a high potential to cause lung tumor. This study was supported by Fuji Xerox Co.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Article of the Year Award: Outstanding research contributions of , as selected by our Chief Editors.

Read the winning articles. Journal overview. Special Issues. Academic Editor: Janusz Blasiak. Received 11 Aug Revised 22 Nov Accepted 21 Dec Published 16 Jan Abstract We investigated the harmful effects of exposure to a toner with external additives by a long-term inhalation study using rats, examining pulmonary inflammation, oxidative stress, and histopathological changes in the lung. Introduction Toners are used for colored composite materials in printers all over the world, not only in offices but also in homes.

Materials and Methods 2. Toner The test toner was provided by Fuji Xerox Co. Inhalation Exposure The inhalation system consisted of a dust generator, exposure chambers volume; 0. Animals Female Wistar rats were purchased from Kyudo Co. Sacrifice The rats were injected intraperitoneally with a fatal overdose of phenobarbital after 6, 12, or Results 3. Characterization of Toner The fundamental characteristics of the bulk toners, dispersed toners in the testing suspension, and toner aerosol in the exposure chamber are summarized Table 1.

Table 1. We help you. Remove Toner The toner runs out? Remove glitches on the toner - not uncommon Remove the empty toner cartridge, unwrap and insert new toner: this is the classic situation for small and large misadventures with the toner powder.

The biggest mistakes when removing toner First take a deep breath? D rather not. You're welcome to do that when you run out of ink - toner is not a good idea. Because toner particles are tiny and harmful in quantities. But it is not a disaster if you have accidentally inhaled toner: The particles only hurt after prolonged regular inhalation of health. Use the old vacuum cleaner? Before you begin to absorb toner powder, make sure your vacuum cleaner is equipped with a particulate filter.

Because in a conventional filter, the powder does not hang, but is instead again atomized finely blown into the air. Wash toner with hot water?